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Historical race concepts
The concept of race as a rough division of human population has a long and complicated history. The word ''race'' itself is modern and was used in the sense of "nation, ethnic group" during the 16th to 19th century, and only acquired its modern meaning in the field of physical anthropology from the mid 19th century. The politicization of the field under the concept of racism in the 20th century has led to a decline in racial studies during the 1930s to 1980s, culminating in a poststructuralist deconstruction of race as a social construct.
Since the 1990s, there has been renewed interest in questions of race and genetics and the study of phenotypic and genetic variability, and the quantitative study of genetic clustering.
==Etymology==
The word "race", interpreted to mean common descent, was introduced into English in about 1580, from the Old French ' (1512), from Italian ', which may have been derived from the Arabic Word "ras" "" meaning the head of someone or something. In this context, "ras" points to the root or the head of selected species. The etymology can be further traced back to Latin ' or Arabic "genat" "" meaning clan, stock or people and ' meaning birth, descent, origin, race, stock, or family, and cognate with Greek genos () "race, kind," and gonos "birth, offspring, stock ()." This late origin for the English and French terms is consistent with the thesis that the concept of "race" as defining a small number of groups of human beings based on lineage dates from the time of Christopher Columbus. Older concepts, which were also based at least partly on common descent, such as nation and tribe entail a much larger number of groupings.
During the Age of Enlightenment, Europeans tried to define race as a biological concept, in keeping with their scientific ideas. In the centuries that followed, scholars made attempts to classify and define racial types, and to determine racial origins and correlates. As forensic anthropologists, biomedical researchers, and other scholars have collected and analyzed data on individuals and populations, some maintain that race denotes scientifically practical distinctions.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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